Application of Tool Compensation in CNC Machining

July 26, 2019

In CNC machining, because the path of tool location controlled by program does not coincide with the shape of actual cutting edge, there is a difference between tool radius and tool length in size. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the path coordinates of tool location according to the shape and size of actual machining. Processing is controlled accordingly.

There are two types of tool compensation in CNC machining: tool radius compensation (to compensate for the influence of tool radius on workpiece contour size); tool length compensation (to compensate for the change of tool length direction size).

There are two methods of tool compensation in CNC machining: manual pre-tool compensation (tool compensation is programmed by manually inputting the tool compensation into CAM software); and automatic tool compensation function (tool list parameter is called by program to make tool compensation). It has been proved by production practice that if the function of tool radius compensation and length compensation can be flexibly applied and the value of tool radius compensation and length compensation can be reasonably set, it will be of great significance to NC machining.

The following focuses on tool radius compensation and tool length compensation.

1. Tool Radius Compensation
If the NC device does not have the function of automatic tool radius compensation, in order to produce qualified parts, only according to the tool center trajectory programming, the tool radius must be calculated into each step of the program when programming, so the data calculation is very complex. Especially when the tool wears, the tool diameter changes. It is necessary to recalculate the tool center trajectory and modify the program, so that it is difficult to guarantee the accuracy of machining. If the NC system has the function of tool radius compensation, the programming only needs to be done according to the actual contour of the workpiece. The NC system automatically calculates the coordinates of the tool center trajectory to make the tool
A radius value deviating from the workpiece contour is to compensate the radius.

1.1 Tool Radius Compensation Method
According to ISO standard, the workpiece is assumed to be fixed and the tool moves. In the direction of tool movement, when the tool is on the left side of the workpiece cutting contour, it is called tool radius left compensation, which is expressed by G41; when the tool is on the right side of the workpiece cutting contour, it is called tool radius right compensation, which is expressed by G42.

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